How does radiation damage DNA Essay Example for Free

How does radiation damage DNA Essay Mobile phones harm body cells and damage DNA Radio waves from mobile phones harm body cells and damage DNA in laboratory conditions, The research project, which took four years and which was coordinated by the German research group Verum, studied the effect of radiation on human and animal cells in a laboratory. After being exposed to electromagnetic fields that are typical for mobile phones, the cells showed a significant increase in single and double-strand DNA breaks. The damage could not always be repaired by the cell. DNA carries the genetic material of an organism and its different cells. This means the change had procreated. Mutated cells are seen as a possible cause of cancer. The radiation used in the study was at levels between a Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) of between 0.3 and 2 watts per kilogram. Most phones emit radio signals at SAR levels of between 0.5 and 1 W/kg. SAR is a measure of the rate of radio energy absorption in body tissue, and the SAR limit recommended by the International Commission of Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection is 2 W/kg. The study also measured other harmful effects on cells. Because of the lab set-up, the researchers said the study did not prove any health risks. But they added that the genotoxic and phenotypic effects clearly require further studies on animals and human volunteers. Adlkofer advised against the use of a mobile phone when an alternative fixed line phone was available, and recommended the use of a headset connected to a cellphone whenever possible. Previous independent studies into the health effects of mobile phone radiation have found it may have some effect on the human body, such as heating up body tissue and causing headaches and nausea, but no study that could be independently repeated has proved that radiation had permanent harmful effects. In a separate announcement in Hong Kong, where consumers tend to spend more time talking on a mobile phone than in Europe, a German company called G-Hanz introduced a new type of mobile phone which it claimed had no harmful radiation, as a result of shorter bursts of the radio signal. How does radiation damage DNA? Radiation can damage anyones DNA. Radiation is really just high-powered particles or energy. When something like that smashes into your DNA , it is  definitely going to do some damage. Luckily, our cells are very good at repairing the damage so it takes a lot of radiation to do permanent harm. Damaged DNA matters because your DNA has the instructions for making and running you. If these instructions get damaged, it can sometimes affect how well you run. Like any good instructions, the ones in DNA are written up with letters. The high energy of radiation can mess up the instructions by changing a letter. It can also tear the DNA removing one, some, or even millions of these letters. This would be like ripping out anything from part of a page to a whole chapter of your personal instruction manual.

Product Quality Essay Example for Free

Product Quality Essay List some important physical properties of the fabric. The properties of textile fabrics are important for the control of quality, as well as for end use determination. There are several physical properties of fabric which affecting the performance and aesthetic of fabric. The first one is fabric count, it influences thickness of the fabric. It is the number of ends or picks per inch for woven fabrics, or the number of wales or courses per inch for knit fabrics. Variation occurs because of the weaving or knitting process and from finishing processes. Usually the higher the fabric count, the better the quality and the higher the cost. The second is fabric unit weight. It is the mass per unit area. It is expressed in one three ways; ounces per square yard, ounces per linear yard, and linear yards per pound. It is significant in determining both end use and quality. Moreover, it is fabric width. It means the distance from one edge to the other. Measurement is made perpendicular to the fabric edge, usually including the selvage area. The width is expressed in inches and is usually an average number of measurements taken at evenly spaced interval along the fabric pieces. Next one is fabric shrinkage. It is the process in which a fabric becomes smaller than its original size, usually through the process of laundry. It is undesirable property to the apparels. So the material has to be either shrink resistant or shrink recoverable, such as anti-shrink finish is to keep the fabric smooth and free from undesirable shrinkage. The last one is fabric thickness. It is the distance between the upper and lower surfaces of the material. It is measure under a specific pressure. Warmth and bulk properties depend on the fabric thickness- to-weight ratio. It can also be used as a performance indication of abrasion resistance or shrinkage tests. Generally speaking, the thicker the fabric is, the more comfortable in wearing. 6. What is the commonly used fabric inspection system? Mainly, two industry methods used are the Ten point and Four point systems. The most commonly used is four-point system. A minimum of 10% inspection of fabrics is required. The four-point system derives its name from the basic grading rules that a maximum of four penalty points can be assessed for any single defect. Normally, we inspect 10% of the rolls we receive and evaluate them based on this system. This way, we can avoid fabric related quality problems before it is put into production The following table shows the point system. Size of Defect| Penalty Points| Length of defects in fabric (either length or width)| Defects up to 3 inches| 1| Defects gt; 3 inches lt; 6 inches| 2| Defects gt; 6 inches lt; 9 inches| 3| Defects gt; 9 inches| 4| Holes and openings(largest dimension)| 1 inch or less| 2| Over 1 inch| 4| After inspection, the inspector will add up the defects points and then use the following formula to determine the rate of points per 100 yards. There are some common fabric faults, such as bow, skew, hole, mispick etc. Fabric checker should know common defects found in fabrics and he must recognize defects on the fabric at the time of fabric inspection. For the acceptance criteria and calculation, 40 points per 100 yards is the acceptable defect rate. The ten point system for piece goods evaluation was approved by the Textile distributors institute and the National Federation of Textile, in 1955. It is designed to identify defects and to assign each defect a value based on severity of defect. The system assigns penalty points to each defect depending on its length and whether it is in the warp (ends) or weft (fill) direction. The following table shows the point system.

The Effects Of The Emasculated Male

The Effects Of The Emasculated Male The purpose of this term paper is to explore the effects that were posed by the World War II and that experienced during post war period. The most important area of study is the traditional gender roles and how they have been altered during the war and after the war. Changes based on jobs, empowerment, independence of women, loss of rugged individual, loss of G1 Joe ethics, Metrosexuals, Hollywood among others will be covered in the research. Factors that contributed to the emasculation of male will be highlighted in the context of this course work. Since the study is all about the emasculation of men, things which should do in order to elude themselves from this problem will be an area of interest in this study. For better expoundation of these effects or impacts, the study will concern itself with definitions of gender roles and emasculation of male. Thesis statement of this study is the changes that were brought about by World War II and post war period had significant impacts on traditional gender role more so those regard to emasculation of the male. The problem is due to persists if men failed to recognize their gender roles meaning that it is very crucial for men to realize their gender roles before it is late. Discussion Emasculation can be defined as the deprivation of mans masculinity, power and his manhood hence making him impotent of both identity and expression. Through emasculation, patriarchy is said to have lost value in men thus demoting male dominance in the family and also the society at large. Masculinity is for male and thus why when male are emasculated, the patriarchy that exists in male is breached hence enabling female to compete with men for existence. It is true that masculinity is a female centered realty in each and every society in the world. Based on this point, male are admired and also measured based on the beauty, loyalty of the wife, submission and the manner in which he controls his wife. This is to mean that the masculinity of the man is determined by the satisfying behavior of her wife. In addition to this, single men or bachelors cant gauge their degree of masculinity since geared by the behavior portrayed by his wife. Masculinity and feminist are differently implicated in the gender roles and therefore they can be used to offer a better understanding of both male and female. Men are known for their ability to fulfill stressful roles that include husband role, the role of breadwinner and that of father. In the traditional and modern societies, women or female are expected to be under the rule of the male. They should adhere to the commands made by male and thus how patriarchy is practiced. Male are said to be ignorant in that they believe that their reality is centered among female without adhering to the fact that female also have their own reality. Male reality is determined externally but not internally because it has been noted that masculinity is measured based on ones wife satisfying behavior in the society. This is to mean that males soul does not play any part in individual reality. The selfishness implicated in the disregard of reality of female has been considered as the major cause of both spiritual and emotional differences between the two types of gender. In the issues of emotions, female are said to be more or too emotional as compared to male. In the matter concerning spiritual backgrounds, female take the majority vote since they are said to be more religious than their men. During the World War II and the period after the war, several changes have been observed to have taken place whereby the power of male became eroded. Women learnt that their freedom had been barred by the patriarchy or the dominance of male in the society. Before then, love was a good indicator of the relationship between the male and female but with the onset of emasculation of male, this was replaced by the economic foundation. In the absence of emasculation, female had a close attachment to their husband. When male came home late they were to be served with hot dinner since it was the responsibility of their wives or females. Real love by then was practiced as opposed to the period after the World War II. Males in most cases are blinded by the privileged that if they works and support their wives, every thing in their castles is expected to be well. Emasculation of males has given females the opportunity to venture into the roles that were made for male. It is not surprising to find that many males cook for themselves or in household there exists a duty Rooter. Meaning that if the wife cooks today tomorrow is the turn for the husband to cook of which this is contrary to the traditional gender roles. Emasculation in most cases is said to germinate into what scientist call bacterium. Male are said to be have been disadvantaged by the emasculation which is said to shed off their powers hence unable to practice patriarchy in the society. For instance most men are not served with hot dinners when they came back at night since their wives believed that they are equal to them and that they should not woke up at the mid of the night and warm meals for their husbands. In other occasions their wives are not available to greet them with sweet names and also charming carelessly hence echoing their males masculinity. According to the masculine logics, this breach in behavior calls for punishment or any other consequences in the society. Males are said to find it difficult to resist the use of what is referred to as physical force and thus why aggression has been considered natural to males reptilian brain. When males are offended by their wives they tend to use their masculine to punish them but according to the recent research based on masculines it has been noted that mas culine prowess are under the counter of emasculation. In the modern society, several couples find it inferior to fasten their hands behind their backs when walking. The research showed that males sat in the back seats of a car while the wife is the drive meaning that masculinity of males has been violated by their wives. They tend to exercise powers above their husbands in the society which is contrary to the traditional gender roles. Females are now taking top positions in the government and are therefore provided with police men as her guards. They use police as their watch dogs and they had powers of summoning them at any mere dial of 911. According to the emasculation of males, both the mans reality and masculine will never at any given time be the same again as it was during the times of traditional society. To cover their emasculations many males have indulged themselves into drinking springs meaning that alcohol has become the only bandage for their masculine wounds. Emasculation is said to be worsening as the time goes on hence developing into a full fledged kind of disease. There was a case whereby a man came home from work only to find a dog with a note tied around its neck the note was left behind by his who claimed that the man had another woman and that she had given him a chance to marry her. This showed how emasculation of males had affected men and their families whereby women had rights to decide when to quit marriage. Men remained attached to the love in their marriage even after the divorce. This has been noted to have changed over the years meaning that the bond between wife and husband has become too weak than it was before the World War II and the period after. From researches that have been conducted in United States of America have showed that males are deprived of the meaning that is said to reflect their masculinity. Males are said to have got no alternative reality that they could rely upon as opposed to females in each and every society in the world. Emasculation of males have made them to result into alcohol taking which has made them to lose consciousness of their males reality in favor of their imaginative realities. These imagination of their reality has been said to have got negative effects to their jobs meaning that they interferes with their jobs to the pint that they cant play their roles as breadwinners in the family. Many males think or consider alcohol as the best solution fo r their emasculation but it has negative effects to males roles since it made them less concerned to what expected of them. Imagination reality and Alcohol are said to collide if and only if they are both applied by the males. Emasculation is said to reach what is called malignancy hence resulting to killing when males lost their jobs because they believe that no life that is worth to living. The process of human evolution has been said to have resulted to a more devastating form of emasculation since it led to feminization process through destruction of patriarchy organization and the old paradigm of expression of the masculine. In the process of human evolving several roles have or features have been made less useful in the society. Things such as suppression, war, aggression, competition and brute muscle force are no long inexistence today. Emasculation is argued to become stronger and stronger as males escape the destruction imposed by nature. As time goes on masculinity of males is viewed to have been transforming into a situation considered by many scholars as a vanguard of femininity in the society. Emasculation of males will be good or bad depending on the side of human evolution one stood after the completion of feminization process. The feminization process is not a simple process in the transformation of human being since it is beyond peoples ability. This is to mean that human transformation is a process controlled by the spirit of God in each and every society in the world. In the early form of Christianity females were said to possess values such as obedience, commitment, innocence, silent suffe rer and faithfulness. According to the transformation of human being and the impact of industrial revolution, it was argued that these values are no longer useful since females have realized their roles after the call for gender equity in the society. Feminization process has brought about rugged individualism in the world where by a man has become a master of his own feta but not the fate of others; men are now responsible to make their beds among others. Rugged individualism has been implicated through several movies and television in the United States. The Hollywood culture is a good indicator of emasculation of males. Most of the American movies are presents a large number of female actors as opposed to males. In these movies female characters are empowered or play a dominant role in acting meaning that they are the most dangerous and armed characters than males. Hollywood culture had portrayed men as having adopted females characteristic. That is men have taken on female characteristics such as trimmed eyebrows, slim, tight abs, attractiveness among others. Several researches have showed that females have embraced males characteristics and thus why they have ventured into roles that traditionally were made for males. On the issues of appearance conscious it has been noted that with the onset or coming of emasculation of males, many men have become more conscious to their appearance than it was before. Some sent a lot of times decollating their bodies through the use of cosmetics and other chemicals or substances that are said to bring about beauty in human being. Traditionally men had a little concern on the issue of beauty but this seems to have ceased with passage of time. Younger men are the major victims of appearance conscious since they are said to adhere to fashion trends more often that in past. Emasculation of males have made women to become independent of themselves meaning that women are able to provide for themselves without depending on their husband who have become ignorant of their role of provider. It has therefore discovered that many women or females are not willing to get married to men since they can take on the role of provider with ease that it was before. This has come as a result of females taking on the roles or jobs of males in the modern society a thing that made men to become emasculated. Professional fields are flooded since career equity has empowered female to compete males in jobs. In past that is before the world war ii, females were not entitled to venture into certain fields such as drivers, engineers, doctors among others because nature prohibits them. The world war empowered women or females to take part in economic activities in each and every nation in the world. This is to mean that females have the right to remain in the task force like any other human being. Traditional gender roles are no longer considered important in the modern society which came a bout as a result of the industrial revolution. This industrial revolution is said to have enlightened females thus ceasing from being victims of male exploitation in the society. This is to mean that females are no longer silent sufferer and thus why they have become increasingly independent than in the past. In conclusion from the study it was noted that emasculation of males has affected males severely in the modern society and this has resulted from the industrial revolution. Females have taken on the roles of males hence boycotting the traditional gender roles in the society. Emasculation of males has been said to grow stronger with the passage of time since men are not a ware of their realty meaning that they are not willing to take their responsibilities. The selfishness implicated in the disregard of reality of female has been considered as the major cause of both spiritual and emotional differences between the two types of gender. In the issues of emotions, female are said to be more or too emotional as compared to male. In the matter concerning spiritual backgrounds, female take the majority vote since they are said to be more religious than their men. From the study it was showed that the patriarchy practice is no longer in existence.

How are the Female Characters Presented in the stories Country Lovers

How are the Female Characters Presented in the stories Country Lovers and Veronica The black girl Thebedi is one of the main characters in the story "Country Lovers† She lives in South Africa under the apartheid which was a system of government which involved a segregation act between whites and blacks, so she hasn't as much rights as whites do, because of this she is restricted and hampered by her culture. The Educational system started with both white and black children in primary education where they spoke local dialect and then after that the white children went to secondary education where they learnt Standard English and the blacks went to work and learnt the language of authority. There was also at the time an Immorality act which was where it was illegal for a white person to have a relationship with a black person. This made Paulus Eysendyck and Thebedi keep the love with each other secretly â€Å"She had to get away before the house servants who knew her, came in at dawn† This shows they have compassion and determination to keep the relationship going. Paulus is in charge of the relationship for example â€Å"He told her each time, where to meet again†. Paulus and Thebedi have known each other since they were children. Paulus is son of the owner of the farm where Thebedi comes to work later in the story. Paulus is a white boy, and Thebedi is a black girl. They used to play on the farm as children and had primary education together. When he comes home for the holidays, he brought her presents, and Thebedi also give him a homemade bracelet. The bracelet is admired very much by his friends at school. Meanwhile, a black young man, Njabulo, falls in love with Thebedi, and wishes that he could be the ... ...ronica the most essential issue of the story and what it all amounts to is Tradition. The life Veronica led was steeped in tradition. Every aspect of the story is based around tradition. It was traditional for men to go off to work and women to stay in the home to cook, clean and look after the children. This would explain her lack off education and why the opportunity of going to a school as a child was not open to her. There was not as many opportunities open to women because it was unusual for women to go out to work or get a job. By tradition, men have the more dominant role. Veronica was a weak female so this would explain why she took unnecessary punishment of her father when she was younger. This also would explain why women as a whole where expected to stay at home. These are the reasons why I believe Veronica did not leave for the city with Okekà ©.

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Involvement Of K+ In Leaf Movements During Suntracking :: essays research papers

Involvement of K+ in Leaf Movements During Suntracking Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many plants orient their leaves in response to directional light signals. Heliotropic movements, or movements that are affected by the sun, are common among plants belonging to the families Malvaceae, Fabaceae, Nyctaginaceae, and Oxalidaceae. The leaves of many plants, including Crotalaria pallida, exhibit diaheliotropic movement. C. pallida is a woody shrub native to South Africa. Its trifoliate leaves are connected to the petiole by 3-4 mm long pulvinules (Schmalstig). In diaheliotropic movement, the plant’s leaves are oriented perpendicular to the sun’s rays, thereby maximizing the interception of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). In some plants, but not all, his response occurs particularly during the morning and late afternoon, when the light is coming at more of an angle and the water stress is not as severe (Donahue and Vogelmann). Under these conditions the lamina of the leaf is within less than 15 ° from the normal to the sun. Many plants that exhibit diaheliotropic movements also show paraheliotropic response as well. Paraheliotropism minimizes water loss by reducing the amount of light absorbed by the leaves; the leaves orient themselves parallel to the sun’s rays. Plants that exhibit paraheliotropic behavior usually do so at midday, when the sun’s rays are perpendicular to the ground. This reorientation takes place only in leaves of plants that are capable of nastic light-driven movements, such as the trifoliate leaf of Erythrina spp. (Herbert 1984). However, this phenomenon has been observed in other legume species that exhibit diaheliotropic leaf movement as well. Their movement is temporarily transformed from diaheliotropic to paraheliotropic. In doing so, the interception of solar radiation is maximized during the morning and late afternoon, and minimized during midday. The leaves of Crotalaria pallida also exhibit nyctinastic, or sleep, movements, in which the leaves fold down at night. The solar tracking may also provide a competitive advantage during early growth, since there is little shading, and also by intercepting more radiant heat in the early morning, thus raising leaf temperature nearer the optimum for photosynthesis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Integral to understanding the heliotropic movements of a plant is determining how the leaf detects the angle at which the light is incident upon it, how this perception is transduced to the pulvinus, and finally, how this signal can effect a physiological response (Donahue and Vogelmann).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the species Crotalaria pallida, blue light seems to be the wavelength that stimulates these leaf movements (Scmalstig). It has been implicated in the photonastic unfolding of leaves and in the diaheliotropic response in Mactroptilium atropurpureum and Lupinus succulentus (Schwartz, Gilboa, and Koller 1987). However, the light receptor involved can not be determined from Involvement Of K+ In Leaf Movements During Suntracking :: essays research papers Involvement of K+ in Leaf Movements During Suntracking Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many plants orient their leaves in response to directional light signals. Heliotropic movements, or movements that are affected by the sun, are common among plants belonging to the families Malvaceae, Fabaceae, Nyctaginaceae, and Oxalidaceae. The leaves of many plants, including Crotalaria pallida, exhibit diaheliotropic movement. C. pallida is a woody shrub native to South Africa. Its trifoliate leaves are connected to the petiole by 3-4 mm long pulvinules (Schmalstig). In diaheliotropic movement, the plant’s leaves are oriented perpendicular to the sun’s rays, thereby maximizing the interception of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). In some plants, but not all, his response occurs particularly during the morning and late afternoon, when the light is coming at more of an angle and the water stress is not as severe (Donahue and Vogelmann). Under these conditions the lamina of the leaf is within less than 15 ° from the normal to the sun. Many plants that exhibit diaheliotropic movements also show paraheliotropic response as well. Paraheliotropism minimizes water loss by reducing the amount of light absorbed by the leaves; the leaves orient themselves parallel to the sun’s rays. Plants that exhibit paraheliotropic behavior usually do so at midday, when the sun’s rays are perpendicular to the ground. This reorientation takes place only in leaves of plants that are capable of nastic light-driven movements, such as the trifoliate leaf of Erythrina spp. (Herbert 1984). However, this phenomenon has been observed in other legume species that exhibit diaheliotropic leaf movement as well. Their movement is temporarily transformed from diaheliotropic to paraheliotropic. In doing so, the interception of solar radiation is maximized during the morning and late afternoon, and minimized during midday. The leaves of Crotalaria pallida also exhibit nyctinastic, or sleep, movements, in which the leaves fold down at night. The solar tracking may also provide a competitive advantage during early growth, since there is little shading, and also by intercepting more radiant heat in the early morning, thus raising leaf temperature nearer the optimum for photosynthesis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Integral to understanding the heliotropic movements of a plant is determining how the leaf detects the angle at which the light is incident upon it, how this perception is transduced to the pulvinus, and finally, how this signal can effect a physiological response (Donahue and Vogelmann).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the species Crotalaria pallida, blue light seems to be the wavelength that stimulates these leaf movements (Scmalstig). It has been implicated in the photonastic unfolding of leaves and in the diaheliotropic response in Mactroptilium atropurpureum and Lupinus succulentus (Schwartz, Gilboa, and Koller 1987). However, the light receptor involved can not be determined from

Essay on Indiaâ€an Emerging Power in the World Essay

Rare are the moments in history when a nation suddenly captures the imagination of the world. For India, those rare moments have arrived. The country is achieving a high economic growth of over 8 per cent of its GDP annually, on a consistent basis. In fact, India’s economic growth rate is second highest in the world-next only to China. The developed world has been left behind. The two Asian giants-India and China have today turned the leaders of growth of the global economy. One can get the measure of India’s resurgent economy from the fact that the world GDP growth is around 4 per cent. For advanced countries, the growth rate is around 3. 5 per cent, while India is maintaining its GDP growth around 8. 5 per cent of its GDP. The economic experts feel that the average world’s growth rates could have been dismal if they had not been boosted by the resurgent economies of India and China. It is the high growth rates of these two Asian giants that are keeping the global economy floating and preventing it from sinking in deep depression. India’s growth rate, though quite remarkable at present is about two per cent lower than that of China. But the country is fast catching up with its eastern neighbour, and the predictions are that India will soon overtake China-which started its economic reforms in 1979-full 12 years earlier than India. India started its economic reforms in 1991 amidst deep economic crisis. The process of reforms was halted with the exit of Narsimha Rao’s government in 1996. By late 1990s and the early years of the new millennium, the reforms were slowed down as the Left parties in the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) were against privatisation and globalisation of Indian economy. However, the process of reforms gathered momentum when Dr. Manmohan Singh-the Finance Minister in Rao’s government and the author of economic reforms became the Prime Minister in the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance. Though the compulsions of coalition politics prevent him from putting reform process in full swing, yet the reform process is being accelerated. The industrial production has been achieving high growth- in the vicinity of 15 per cent year-on-year. The production has covered large-scale medium, small-scale and tiny industries. There has been a balance in various types of industries like mining and quarrying, steel and cement, primary industries as well as secondary industries. The range of production has been very vast including electronics, textile, transportation, pharmaceuticals, power generation, electricals, various types of consumer durables, etc. As a result of high production, the local business in these items has flourished leading to increased corporate profits, a high rate of saving and investment and hence, capital formation. The revenue that the government earns in the shape of taxes-direct as well as indirect has increased many-fold. With this increase in revenue the government has been able to set up new projects for development, and complete already started projects. Many sick industrial units have either been merged with other healthy units or have been rehabilitated with additional grants. Development in the industrial sector has given new opportunities in trade and employment to millions of people. Our computer software and Information Technology have progressed by leaps and bounds during the last decade. Many computer software parks and IT-enabled services parks have been set up in different cities such as Bangalore, Chennai, Gurgaon, Hyderabad, Noida and elsewhere. The number of companies doing such business has increased more than 100 per cent during the last ten years. India has become an expert in computer technology. Several companies from Europe and America are outsourcing their business through India. Our major IT companies like Infosys, TCS, Wipro, Satyam Computers, Tech Mahindra and HCL are generating profit of millions of rupees every year. A number of call centres have come up in major cities to cater to the needs of outsourcing business. Our exports have almost doubled during the last four years. The foreign exchange reserves have crossed US $ 200 billion which have given India a great financial strength. Our rupee has become very strong against the other international currencies- notably dollar, pound and euro. However, there is poverty amidst plenty in many areas. Millions people live in poverty and destitution. They do not have even the basic amenities of life, viz. ood, clothing and shelter. This is because of the large size of our population, illiteracy, poor public distribution system and corruption. But, things are improving fast in India. Centuries of exploitative rule by the British had drained India of its wealth. After achieving independence, the country had a great task of rebuilding the basic infrastructure, spread education and bring new technology. The planned growth put the country back on track. Today, the literacy rate has improved to over 75 per cent, the per capita income has rossed Rs 25,000, health care facilities are available in every part of the country, and employment opportunities are growing. The large size of the population is actually a great source which can lead the country to dizzy heights. Nearly fifty per cent of our population is young which means a great working potential, which, if properly utilized can increase production and eradicate poverty. India is the biggest democracy in the world. The governments at the centre as well as at the states level are elected on the basis of universal adult franchise. Although the country is a melting pot of different communities, religious and languages, all enjoy equal rights and share the same responsibilities. There is no distinction between people on the basis of caste, creed and religion. The political structure is well laid down in the tenets of the Constitution so that there is no political crisis. There has been a stable political atmosphere in the country right from independence. The political deadlocks, if any, are resolved peacefully. Such stability and system has served as an abject lesson for many other countries and enhanced India’s stature in the world at large. India’s foreign policy also has been open and clear-aiming to develop friendly relations with other countries, including its neighbours. At international meetins and conferences, India is given a pride-of-place. The developing countries look to India for guidance and help. Militarily, India is one of the strongest countries in the world. Having the third largest army in the world, it has a huge arsenal of weaponry including nuclear weapons. Its Army, Navy and Air Force are always ready to meet any challenge. India believes in having peaceful relations with other countries, but in today’s world of changing equation, it is necessary to have a military might to deter other countries to do any mischief. During the last decade or so, India has shown a tremendous all-round progress. Its economy has grown at face pace; the social life of people has in general been peaceful and progressive. The main indicators like literacy, per capita income, employment, etc. have been positive. The rights of people are well protected. The world is now looking at India with a renewed respect-as it is an emerging power in the world.