Comparison of Erikson Kohlbergs Developmental Theories

Comparison of Erikson Kohlbergs Developmental Theories Name the chosen significant developmental aspects and stages of your adult life identify key aspects of each of the two developmental theories Adult development refers to psychological and social changes in an human life. These changes could be fast and gradual. Changes occur at the cellular level and are partially explained by biological theories of adult development and aging. (Hayflick, 1998). These biological changes are often described as theories of human development. Stage theories typically focus on â€Å"age-appropriate† developmental tasks to be achieved at each stage. I have chosen to discuss Eriksons Theory Personality and Kohlbergs Stages of Moral Development. The first chosen developmental aspects and stages of my adult life is Erik Eriksons theory based on human development over a life span (Erikson, 1963). Erikson developed 8 stages starting from childhood, adolescence and adulthood, stages shown below. During each stage, one developmental task is dominant, but may be carried forward into later stages as well. According to Erikson, individuals may experience tension when advancing to new stages of development, and seek to establish equilibrium within each stage. (Glassman Hadad, 2009) The second development aspect and stages of my adult life is Lawrence Kohlbergs Stages of Moral Development (Kohlberg, 1981). Kohlbergs model is based on moral reasoning and ethical behaviour which involves 6 developmental stages. Each stage is grouped into 3 levels; pre-conventional morality, conventional morality and post-conventional morality as shown below. Kohlberg found that moral development was mainly formed around justice and would continue through human life span. Kohlberg was determined to find out how people justify their actions if they were placed in a predicament where their morals were pushed. Progress through Kohlbergs stages happens as a result of the individuals increasing competence, both psychologically and in balancing conflicting social-value claims. Knowledge and learning contribute to moral development. Specifically important are the individuals view of persons and their social perspective level, each of which becomes more complex and mature with each advancing stage. Analyse the chosen developmental events with reference to two major developmental theories. The first developmental event I have chose is Love: Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood) from Eriksons 8 stage theory. This stage typically occurs ages from 20 to 39 years. At the beginning of this stage the previous stage is ending at Idenitiy vs. Role Confusion, which is the part of young adults lives where they still feel the need and urge to fit in with friends. Young adults want to fit in with their peer group and be accepted. Moving into the next stage of having the feeling of either isolation, which is pulling away from intimacy and relationships. This can be evidenced by being afraid of rejections or being hurt and distancing yourself from any type of love interest because of these negative feelings, or be able to form an intimate relationship. Once people have established their identities, they are ready to make long-term commitments to others. They become capable of forming intimate, reciprocal relationship through marriage or close friendships The second developmental event that I have chosen is Level 2- Conventional from Kohlbergs Model. This consists of Stage 3 Stage 4. This level typically occurs at adolescence and young adulthood. Young adults begin to judge the morality of actions by comparing them to societys views and expectations. This is characterised by an acceptance of societys conventions concerning right and wrong. A young adult will obey rules and follows societys norms even when there are no consequences for obedience or disobedience. During Stage 3 of Level 2, young adults enter the social order and conform to social standards. Stage three reasoning may judge the morality of an action by evaluating its consequences in terms of a persons relationships, which now begin to include things like respect, gratitude and the concept of treating others how you would like to be treated. It is important to be liked and fit in with society. In Stage 4 of Level 2 young adults begin to understand the importance of obeying the laws and social conventions in order to maintain a functional society. Stage 4 provides a sense of justice and the ability to determine what is right and wrong. legal responsibility is evident at this stage. Morality starts to become dictated by outside forces. Reflect on your personal responses and experiences in relation to these significant developmental aspects and stages I believe that within my life I am at the developmental stage of each of Eriksons Theory: Love, Intimacy vs. Isolation and Kohlbergs Model: Conventional- Stages 3 and 4 At this point in my life I believe my romantic relationship is at the Eriksons stage of Intimacy vs. isolation as I am getting to a time in my life where I want a serious relationship however I acknowledge that I am frightened of getting hurt and won’t allow myself to open up, therefore I isolate myself to protect my ego from being bruised. Erikson (1963) states that in this stage our egos cannot bear the pain of rejection such as being turned down or our partners breaking up with us. In regards to Kohlbergs Model I believe I am at the Conventional Level and a mixture of both Stages 3 and 4. In my personal relationships I show and also expect respect from others. I also am aware of kindness and privileges in life and show gratitude -even for the small things. I treat my family, friend and colleagues as I would like to be treated. At this point in my life I have such high morals as evidenced in stage 4, in regards to drugs. I am 25 years old and do not use drugs ,however I have friends around me who use drugs recreationally. I am acutely aware of what is right and wrong, and what is legally and socially acceptable in societal norm. I have an acute sense of moral judgment and do not like getting involved with those that abuse this position. I think how stupid can you be drugs are so dangerous not only can they psychically harm you but mentally as well, apart from being against the law. In conclusion, I feel that a combination of the developmental philosophies as designed by Erikson Kohlberg are relevant to the stage in my life that I am currently in. I believe that psychological development involves physical, sensory, cognitive, social and emotional processes, and the interactions among them. If I focus on where my future lies, it becomes clear that change is inevitable. This will occur through the progression through the different developmental phases. Reference current literature and integrate relevant theory into your essay discussion Erikson, E.H. (1963) Childhood and Society. 2edn. New York: Norton Glassman, W.E. Hadad, M. (2009) Approaches to Psychology . Fifth Edition. London. Mcgraw-Hill Hayflick, L. (1998). How and why we age. Experimental Gerontology, 33, 639-653. Kohlberg, L. (1981) The Meaning and Measurement of Moral Development (Volume 13)

Better Community and Build a Healthier Life Essay

Better Community and Build a Healthier Life,† yesterday. Habitat for Humanity, a non-profit, ecumenical Christian community, has been created to make adequate housing a matter of conscience and action. Since its creation in 1976, it has built and improved more than 300,000 houses, sheltering more than 1,500,000 people in thousands of communities in North America, Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa, Eastern and Western Europe, and throughout the Asia-Pacific region. Habitat’s work is made possible by affiliates or people who are dedicated to the cause of eliminating poverty housing. As of this writing there are 132 affiliates in the Asia-Pacific region and 2,291 worldwide. Habitat’s work is far greater than the current number of affiliates and supporters nonetheless. Hence as it continually strives to achieve its mission Habitat is likewise constantly calling more volunteers to take their part in re-building the world. Anchoring on a statement made by Dr. Stephen Post, a professor at the Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and co-author of the forthcoming book Why Good Things Happen to Good People: The Exciting New Research That Proves the Link Between Doing Good and Living a Longer, Healthier, Happier Life that, â€Å"There is now a convergence of research leading to the conclusion that helping others makes people happier and healthier. So the word is out – its good to be good. Science increasingly says so,† former President and co-founder of Habitat for Humanity, Jimmy –more– relates volunteering to building a healthier life. For more details on how to participate to the Habitat’s action for a cause, please visit http://www. habitat. org/. Contact Name: Phone: Website: E-mail: ###

President of the National Honor Society Essay

As I review the past several years, there are many accomplishments that I can be proud of. I have been able to maintain a 3. 95 grade point average while in high school. At the same time, I have had the good fortune to act as President of the National Honor Society at Keller High School. I have also been able to lead the drum line battery of the school marching band as the Captain. I have also dedicated much of my spare time to working with youth at Gateway Church as a Youth Group Leader. Finally, I was given the chance to be nominated as Keller High School’s Homecoming King in 2008. All of these accomplishments have helped shape the person I have become. However, the most significant experience that has impacted my life was the time I spent at the Dream Center in one of the many slum neighborhoods of Los Angeles. â€Å"No red or blue clothing,† is what caught my attention as I embarked on the journey to Los Angeles. Simply wearing the trademark colors of the famous Bloods and Crips gangs was something to be avoided. This rule stuck with me more than any other rule or guideline that I had been presented with. Suddenly, the task I was about to undertake became real and I was honestly frightened about what I was going to see. I had been given vivid illustrations about the poverty and death that I was about to witness. However, growing up in an upper middle class neighborhood didn’t prepare me for the reality that many people face each day. I asked myself how do I pray for people whose best days are not even comparable to my worst days. Soon I was able to see firsthand where I would be staying for the next two weeks as I tried to find an answer. The building was called the Dream Center. The fact that I grew up in an affluent neighborhood didn’t prepare me for the horrid accommodations I would be living with. Before settling in I was given a nametag that identified me as a member of the Gateway Church. Although needed for identification, my badge was as irrelevant as a Christmas tree on Halloween. For two weeks I would not be known by the affluent suburb of my origin, but I would be known as a fifteen year old, six foot two, African American male who was a temporary guest of a fifteen story homeless shelter. I accepted my nametag and proceeded to my room. I quickly took in my surroundings and came to the conclusion that my temporary living quarters could certainly be compared to a prison. The room was stark and devoid of any emotion or color. The white walls made the room appear harsh and unfriendly. My roommates and I had only three bunk beds, a nightstand, a closet, a toilet, a sink and six towels, which made for uncomfortable conditions. However, this simplicity allowed us to step outside our comfort zone and prepare ourselves for the work ahead. The white-stained walls, questionable mattress stains, unfamiliar smells, and random bed linens left our young imaginations to do their work, but there wasn’t time to dwell on it – there was work to do! This work was rewarding. There were many opportunities to serve, both individually and as part of a larger group. Some of these missions were optional and some were mandatory. However, this didn’t matter. What truly mattered was the work I was able to engage in so that I could make a small attempt to improve the lives of others. I was able to feed the homeless, work with the children’s ministry and work with the food truck ministry. After a very short time, I realized the dedication of the permanent staff at the Dream Center. I only had the night to rest and I was constantly busy with one task or another during the day. I began to look up to the people who did this job each and every day. During my free time, I engaged in Bible study, prayer groups and devotions in order to prepare for the most challenging and demanding event that was to come. It was an event that would change my life forever. On July 19, 2007 at 5:00pm I began to prepare for a journey that would impact the course of my future. The Skid Row Missions leader gave a short thirty minute preparation speech about the mission I was about to embark upon. â€Å"You are about to embark on one of the most rewarding, frightening, and most dangerous events of your life,† are the words that I will never forget. He led a prayer, gave instructions and also gave caution about the danger of the job I was about to do. I looked around at the others in my group and saw similar emotions on their faces – I was excited and I was scared but the most intense emotion I was feeling was eagerness to go out and do something for someone in need. â€Å"Be smart, be alert, be careful, and trust in God†, our church leader warned as we boarded the fifteen-passenger Ford vans that would take us from relative safety to the harsh and dangerous street known as Skid Row. The van weaved in and out of the notorious Los Angeles traffic making me feel as if I were riding a rollercoaster. I took in my surroundings as they turned grim and dark. The skyscrapers were shot into the darkening sky like a bullet fired to start the Kentucky Derby. New technology and infrastructure meshed with old landmarks to create eye candy for everyone who paid any degree of attention. My excitement began to fade as I saw the sign. The massive green sign that said â€Å"SKID ROW-NEXT EXIT†, reminded me that it was time to become alienated in the new world I was venturing into. I immediately began to sense darkness and death even though it was daylight and everyone around me was alive. My fear soon faded and was replaced with an inner peace from God that told me that I was right where I needed to be. One member of our group voiced what we were all thinking, â€Å"Is this safe? † It didn’t matter anymore – what mattered was that we had arrived and we had a job to do. We couldn’t have known that this simple question would come up again and again as we did our ministry work. We began our ministry by passing out Ozarka water and Famous Amos cookies. We were immediately tested by a large African American male in tattered clothing. He asked for two waters but we had been specifically instructed to only give out one water and one snack to each person. After five minutes of listening to escalating expletives as unpredictable as an F-5 tornado in Texas, we finally gave him a second water. We feared enough for our safety that we felt we had no choice. We continued our work under a thinly disguised veil of complete terror. As we proceeded down the dark streets, I had to constantly remind myself that I was not watching a movie. The people I saw were real and were suffering from very real afflictions. I was able to look past this reality by praying for the people I came into contact with. I prayed for healing, strength, jobs, addictions and sickness and many other things that were on the hearts of these poverty-stricken people. As I prayed, I also began to ponder the images I was seeing. The images began to way heavy on my heart and I wondered how people could live this way. The most important question I asked myself was, â€Å"Why isn’t anyone doing something about this? † I received my answer when I realized that I was doing something. It was something small but it was something. As the trip to the Dream Center came to an end, I was left with a heavy heart and a deep passion to help the poverty-stricken people living in Los Angeles. The Gateway Church youth group was able to break apart my arrogant, spoiled mentality so that I could move toward the mentality of someone who is in survival mode. I stepped into someone else’s everyday life, and had to survive based on the little that I knew. I learned that the world is very different than the small corner of the world where I live. It is my job as someone who has experienced the troubled world to tell other people what the real world is like, so that we can work together to be the voice of the people who struggle to simply survive. I will no longer consider perfect grades and being crowned Homecoming King as my most important accomplishments. Instead, I now know that the events of this trip did more to help me develop into the man I am today and they also set the precedent for the man I will be in the future.

Approaches to Inclusion - 5803 Words

1 Introduction In this report the researcher aims to demonstrate a critical understanding of the principle that early years settings should provide for the needs of all children, including those with sensory and learning needs, gifted children, and children from remote and nomadic populations, children from linguistic, ethnic or religious minorities and children from other disadvantaged or marginalised areas or groups. For the purpose of this report, the researcher will use the term ‘Children with Special Educational Needs’ to refer to the above groups. The researcher will provide a critical awareness on how theoretical models have changed ways of thinking about inclusive practice and the implications of this on legislation and policy†¦show more content†¦All educational policies, says the Framework, ‘should stipulate that disabled children attend the neighbourhood school, ‘that would be attended if the child did not have a disability.’ (UNESCO, 1994., p.24) There is seemingly little doubt that the catalyst for inclusion within the English system lies in the sentiments outlined in the Salamanca Statement. As Hornby, (2002)., asserts, ‘The statement has resulted in what, at times, appears to be a tidal wave of inclusion intent preached with overpowering zeal by the church of inclusion.’ (p.7) It is observable, though, that despite this ‘missionary zeal’ the implementation of inclusionary practices, within the English system, began slowly. Although some might argue that the last Conservative government, through the Code of Practice (DFE, 1994), encouraged children with special educational needs to ‘join fully with their peers in the curriculum and the life of the setting’ (p.11), others contended that: ‘the code only addressed ‘identification and standardisation’ in an attempt to end the vagueness of special educational needs, previously delivered through a postcode lottery of provision.’ (Clough, 1998. p.2) 2.3 Theoretical Models It is commonly accepted that there are two contrasting ‘models’ or ‘views’ of disability currently present within modern dayShow MoreRelatedEquality, diversity and inclusion in work with children and young people837 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Level 2 Supporting Teaching Learning in Schools Unit 204 Equality, diversity and inclusion in work with children and young people Name: Date: 7th February 2014 This assignment covers all outcomes for Unit 4 1.1 What are the laws and codes of practice that relate to the promotion of equality and the valuing of diversity? 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Examples of this move towards inclusion is displayed by the publishing of training resources for SEN co-ordinators, such as ‘Supporting Pupils with Dyslexia (Griffiths, Groom and Smith, 2012, p.65), which projects the ‘idea that dyslexia is not an in surmountable barrier but a condition that requires different approaches’, therefore showing a change of attitude towards SEN in order to provide inclusion and education equality. It is evident that the concept of SENRead MoreHomogenization Of Composite Materials1201 Words   |  5 Pagesequivalent properties of composite materials through methods of homogenization [1]–[3]. The long history of exploration of analytical approaches for homogenization of reinforced composites has already provided us with a rich and practical library of solutions, and this quest is still being pursued [4]. 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South Korea s Economic Crisis - 1534 Words

Between 1990 and 1996, South Korea experienced strong economic growth ever since South Korea was separated from North Korea. As the data of South Korea economy from World Bank web provides, Average growth rate was around 8 percent and inflation rate averaged 5 percent. Moreover, unemployment rate was stable below 3 percent (citation use footnote or endnote). Until 1997, Korea was one of miracle East Asian countries that grew up incredibly faster than that of other Asian countries. Others believed that it is impossible for South Korea to experience financial crisis due to its outstanding economic growth ever since they declared independence from Japan. After South Korea began its industrialization in 1970, there were two major economic crisis in Korea economic history. Many countries including South Korea were heavily effected by largest oil crisis in 1979. 18 years hence, the most undesirable economic crisis occurred again in 1997, widely known as South Korea IMF Crisis. IMF(Internat ional Monetary Fund) is international organization for promoting international monetary cooperation; it encourages stable exchange rate, facilitates the expansion and balanced growth of international trade, and assists with poverty reduction among the member. In short, IMF makes action only when the worst economic scenario occurs. 9/11 terror is considered as one of the tragic event in 21st century. South Korea’s IMF crisis is considered similar to that of 9/11 to South Koreans. It isShow MoreRelatedThe Legacy Of South Korea1133 Words   |  5 Pagesgrew through the years, into what has become known as the society of today. South Korea is no stranger to this and they continue to preserve its historic landmarks with pride. Although most of South Korea s history is clouded by conflict, the struggles the people have endured have only united them as one, and has helped shape the country into a great nation which the citizens are proud of. 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Essay Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allen Poe - 565 Words

Cask of Amontillado The author of â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† Edgar Allan Poe, lets us know in the opening sentence that the character telling the story, Montresor, vows revenge. Montresor’s target of revenge is Fortunato, but Montresor never specifically says what Fortunato did to him or his family. However, Montresor’s fear of Fortunato avenging any threat of revenge leads us to believe his plan is well thought out and executed in a very matter of fact way. Seeking this revenge on Fortunato has not made Montresor feel guilty for what he has done. It seems as if revenge is just part of his nature. Throughout the story, it seems as if Montresor has every bit of his revenge on Fortunato planned out. He could not have chosen a†¦show more content†¦Montresor used this psychology a few times on Fortunato. As Fortunato began to cough heavily, Montresor says, â€Å"We will go back; your health is precious†¦you will be ill, and I cannot be responsi ble. Besides, there is Luchresi-.† Montresor is not at all worried about Fortunato’s cough. Montresor chooses wine because he knows that it is something Fortunato is interested in and that he is extremely proud of his knowledge of it. During their discussion, Montresor plays to Fortunato’s arrogance by comparing his abilities to Luchresi. Montresor sounds concerned about Fortunato’s health up until his final act of revenge. Montresor’s family crest is a human foot crushing a serpent. The family motto reads, â€Å"No one challenges me with impunity.† This translates into Montresor being the human foot that is crushing Fortunato. Montresor did not let Fortunato get away with whatever insult he gave to him. This is what makes revenge part of Montresor’s nature. If this were what he believes in, then of course he would not feel guilty about it. Montresor says to Fortunato, â€Å"You are rich, respected, admired, beloved; you are happy as I once was.† This could lead a reader to believe that Montresor killed Fortunato because it madeShow MoreRelatedThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe992 Words   |  4 PagesEdgar Allen Poe had many pieces of literature, but one in particular â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† reflected his personality. It is a short story that can be read easily, and can take on many ironies. The several ironies can point to the fact that Poe himself was implanted into the story as he was a mysterious man. There are several characters with different personalities often interpreted as Poe hiding his dark side which would be â€Å"Montresor†. The other personality Fortunato could be that drunken personalityRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe953 Words   |  4 Pagesseek revenge. â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is a short story by the American poet, editor and story writer Edgar Allen Poe. This story is a tale of revenge touching on the darker sides of human nature and at what lengths a man will go to achieve vengeance. We are told by our narrator Montresor that he had been insulted by a wealthy wine connoisseur named Fortunato. Montresor picks him out of the carnival and lures him into his wine cellar with promise of a renown sherry wine, Amontillado. Fortunato is baitedRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe1052 Words   |  5 PagesEdgar Allen Poe was one of the most famed authors of d eath, decay, and depression in the 18th century. Poe started his writing career during the Romantic literature period, a period focused on nature, emotions, and a fascination with the supernatural elements. As writers started to write in this new genre, works started becoming dark, with an eerie feeling and a tone of death. Out of the Romantic era came the sub-classification of the Gothic genre. Poe started to embrace this new genre and his writingsRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe1204 Words   |  5 Pagesbest could, but when he ventured upon insult I vowed revenge† (Poe 1). This line draws the reader into the story by bringing up questions like, what insults could have been done to deserve such revenge? The uniqueness in the question itself is that it turns the table of a classic mystery or gothic story (Mcgarth). Instead of asking â€Å"who did it,† the question is, â€Å"why did he do it† (Baraban Motive for Murder in Cask of Amontillado ). Montresor uses Fortunato’s strengthens and turns them intoRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe851 Words   |  4 Pagesabout â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† Do hate someone, but act like they are your best friend to get something that you want from them? Edgar Allen Poe does in his story â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† as he uses Montresor to tell Fortunato’s journey to catacombs and how he â€Å"conceives and executes an ingenious plan... for revenging† Fortunato (Gruesser 129). In â€Å"The cask of Amontillado† Poe uses tone, plot devices, and the setting to present the theme of appearances masking reality. To begin, Poe uses one toRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe1025 Words   |  5 PagesJared Mourning English II Prof. Platt Thursday, March 3, 2016 Fortunato’s Misfortune In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† Edgar Allen Poe issues a warning that even your closest friends can stab you in the back when you insult them in the right way. Poe perfectly portrays the way someone you think is your best friend could just as well be your biggest enemy. In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† Edgar Allen Poe uses Montresor’s point of view, plot, and symbolism to convey the cold, merciless man who is MontresorRead More`` Cask Of Amontillado `` By Edgar Allen Poe1505 Words   |  7 PagesEdgar Allen Poe was a writer who sculpted every detail to create his desired â€Å"theme†. His short stories are mostly representing the murder of a character. The murderer, who is the narrator, explains the plan for the murder. The narrator destroys the humans around him through his destructive mind. The reason for the murder is revenge and hatred. In â€Å"Cask of Amontillado† and â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† Poe utilized â€Å"unreliable na rrators,† he even created similarities between murder and victim to establishRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe1492 Words   |  6 Pages McMullen 531-06 1 September 2014 Summer Reading The Cask of Amontillado In The Cask of Amontillado, by Edgar Allen Poe, Montressor is able to successfully manipulate Fortunato s arrogance and pride and use it against him as revenge. Montressor knows that Fortunato has a love for wine. Montressor tells Fortunato that he may have acquired Amontillado, a very nice wine. Montressor is not quite sure if the wine is Amontillado, but since Fotunato appears to be occupied Montressor saysRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe1723 Words   |  7 Pages Were Montresor’s action in The Cask of Amontillado justified? Is killing someone justifiable? In Edgar Allen Poe’s short story The Cask of Amontillado that question is one that could be asked. The short story is about a man named Montresor and his quest to get revenge on his foe Fourtando who has apparently insulted Montresor. Around the time of the carnival season Montresor leaves his house to go find Fourtando and get his revenge he tells none of his servants toRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado, By Edgar Allen Poe884 Words   |  4 PagesIn â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† by Edgar Allen Poe, one finds the horror throughout its pages. The ideas of unexplained revenge and images of scenes only getting darker and colder cause one to have feelings of dread and disbelief. The protagonist, Montresor, has waited fifty years to tell his story, and one has to question the reliability of what he is saying. Questions of true justice and the power of an insult arise, only magnifying those ideas of horror. In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado ,† one sees a

Lucid Eye In Silver Town Essay Research free essay sample

Lucid Eye In Silver Town Essay, Research Paper Jay August Childs are frequently taught by their parents, but sometimes they must larn things on their ain. When coming of age we learn many of import lessons that are critical for a successful hereafter. Sometimes the most important acquisition experiences are traumatic and painful. In The Lucid Eye in Silver Town by John Updike, Jay August is an rational, but inexperienced single that must get the better of troubles of defeat and letdown to recognize his childhood immatureness. The character of Jay August is developed throughout the narrative with duologues that capture his psychological traits more often than his physical traits. During the narrative, Jay reveals his childhood naivet repeatedly. By stating, I was certain that merely stupid people took an involvement in money ( Updike 490 ) he reveals that he has non yet learned that money is necessary in life. Throughout the narrative, he refers to objects with concern for aspiration and beauty, but does non recognize that it takes wealth to obtain these objects. To him, New York is the silver town, Shimmering edifices arrowed upward and glinted through the treetops Towers of aspiration rose, crystalline within me ( Updike 493 ) . He does non recognize that aspiration and play are associated with money and wealth. Jay shows naivet once more when his uncle pretentiously takes his male parent and him to the Pickernut Club, an grownup sofa. He orders ice pick and is disappointed with the choice particularly when the inexpensive apothecarys shop at place had 15 spirits ( Updike 491 ) . Jay does non recognize that kids do non usually go to the Pickernut Club. Jay comprehends towards the terminal of the narrative that he can non acquire everything that he wants and that he is non every bit smart as he thinks he is. Throughout the narrative Jay s character grows and develops by traveling through important learning experiences that are indispensable in life. Jay is an person who is influenced otherwise by both his female parent and his male parent. Jay relates closely to his female parent because they portion a love of art and aesthetic values, contempt for crass and selfish values, and a similar manner of thought. He respects his male parent, Marty, but is besides annoyed by him because of the manner he agrees with everyone and does non lodge up for himself. Marty continually tells Jay how smart he is and how successful he will be one twenty-four hours. Towards the terminal of the narrative Jay begins to recognize and appreciate the adult male that Marty is. He finds that even though Marty is non a successful man of affairs, he has been successful in raising a fami ly and supplying for them. Marty is at that place to help Jay in turning up. He has been through it before and knows of the letdown. Jay begins to esteem and value how and where he lives. He additions newfound precedences and values that will assist to determine his life for the better. The main struggle that Jay August is confronted with is when an cilium falls into his oculus and obstructs his limpid vision. He shows his loss of limpid vision when he doesn t act as precociously and acts more as a kid. When Jay s Uncle Quin calls for a physician, Marty insists on seeking to take the cilium himself. Jay, seeking to take on the function of large metropolis life, repulses him. Jay s reaction causes him to be unable to buy the Vermeer book. Later, Jay realizes that he would non hold been able to purchase the book with merely a modicum of money anyhow, It d be inexpensive at 15 dollars, even secondhand, with the pages all crummy and full of spilled java ( Updike 496 ) . Sometimes, it is the fiddling things, like the cilium, that have a large consequence on the manner a state of affairs turns out. If the cilium had non fallen into his oculus, the trip would non hold been as important in Jay s life because of the lesson he learns from it. The eyelash serves as a symbol fo r situational sarcasm because, on occasion, it is life s inside informations and personal failings that thwart success. As Jay learns more about himself and others he begins to alter psychologically. He realizes his childhood naivet and his loss of artlessness. Jay is defeated that he is non able to look at the Vermeer book, but he learns a valuable lesson in non being able to acquire everything that he wants. Jay besides learns that money is necessary for certain things in life when he is non able to buy the book that he wants. These are critical lessons to larn when coming of age. Even though Marty still annoys Jay, he additions more regard for his male parent when he understands Marty s precedences and values. He looks at him in a more mature manner. The mental alterations that Jay goes through show that he is maturating. These larning experiences cause a struggle within Jay that finally help him to understand the existent universe and grownup values. Jay s first trip to New York City serves as an of import accelerator for alteration. His perceptual experience of himself and the people around him change during this trip to the large metropolis. Jay August overcomes the little obstructions of defeat and letdown and learns more about himself. These lessons coincide with many little, but of import lessons that everyone must larn in order to win in life. 338